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Document Type

Review

Keywords

Control Engineering

Abstract

The push for sustainability and energy efficiency is driving innovation in the design of modern mechatronic systems. This review examines key developments from 2019 to 2025 in reducing energy consumption across mechanical, electrical, and control components. It highlights practical strategies such as low-power electronics, efficient control algorithms (e.g., model predictive, adaptive control), and energy-harvesting techniques. This review explores how smart materials—such as piezoelectrics and shape memory alloys—can enhance the efficiency of actuators. It also examines emerging approaches like co-design optimization, digital twins, and predictive maintenance powered by AI, all of which aim to reduce energy consumption throughout a system’s life. Through real-world case studies in robotics, automotive systems, and industrial automation, the paper highlights recurring design challenges and trade-offs. The review wraps up with key recommendations for future research, focusing on the development of smarter, more sustainable, and better-integrated mechatronic systems

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